Ornamental Gardens
It is well known
that ornamental gardening has been given an important place since ancient times,
the evidence of which is found in ancient texts. Vishnu Purana, Abhigyan
Shakuntalam, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Geeta, etc. are especially noteworthy. From
the study of these texts, it becomes very clear how much our ancestors loved
ornamental trees and plants. Apart from these, there is also evidence of sages
and saints growing these plants near their huts and bowers. Humans and all
living beings found on earth require oxygen, which is available to them from
trees and plants; in other words, trees and plants are factories for making
oxygen. Due to today's industrialization, air and water are getting polluted,
which is adversely affecting human health. Trees and plants have a special
significance in removing the fatigue and mental restlessness of today's hectic
life. This is the reason why their importance is increasing day by day in
towns, cities, and rural areas. Beautiful flowers and attractive leaves play an
important role in relieving the fatigue of the whole day and will always do so.
Tips And Information For Gardening How To
Ornamental gardening is an art. For which it is essential that the gardener has interest and adequate knowledge of drawing. Interest and knowledge are essential so that he can grow flowering trees, bushes, creepers and seasonal flowers according to his interest by keeping in mind his land, irrigation facilities and requirements. Knowledge of drawing is also essential because after drawing the ornamental garden, some shortcomings remain, which is not an easy task to correct later. The drawing should be simple. There should not be unnecessary overcrowding of plants in it. The most important thing to keep in mind is that their maintenance should be done easily.
There are two main styles of garden construction in horticulture. According to one style, the garden is constructed by following geometric rules. In the other style, the garden is constructed on the basis of the principles of modern garden art by ignoring the geometric rules. Both types of gardens are different from each other. In the gardens made by natural method, mainly natural elements are created, these are called "landscape design", in which natural elements are included through trees, bushes and thickets, long and wide grasslands etc. Mostly such gardens are indicative of rural environment. In cities, only formal gardens can be easily made. Apart from these two styles, there is also a third style of garden construction, in which the garden is made by taking some major elements of both formal and informal styles, which is called picturesque, in which geometric rules are followed formally, along with informal freedom is also there. This style is used in both rural and urban places. In the gardens of this style, all types of trees and plants are given proper place, so that they can present a beautiful scenery.
Principles of Ornamental Garden Design – It is very important to pay attention to some broad principles while planning a garden.
First of all, it is
necessary to see what is the condition of the place where the garden is being
built. If the garden is to be built around a building, where there is less
space and the main land is covered with life, then in that case the garden
artist gets less freedom to think and display his art, because he will have to
design the garden in accordance with the building on the remaining land. On the
other hand, if gardens are to be built in the spaces left between big
buildings, then in that case, beautiful gardens can be built very easily with
the help of some ornamental trees and bushes.
It is very
important to follow the following principles in the construction of gardens –
1. Natural elements should be included as far as possible. This will have the advantage that its maintenance and protection will be possible by spending less time.
2. The plan for planting plants in the garden should be made in such a way that when they are grown in the garden, they attract the audience. To do this, plants of one species should be grown in groups. Also, there should be alternation in the flowering time of the species, so that the garden remains attractive all the time in every season.
3. The view of the decorated garden should be so attractive that the desire to see it again and again arises in the minds of the audience. This view should be of a stone statue, which is called 'Vista' in the garden terminology. Its inclusion will not only increase the beauty of the garden but will also help in getting rid of the inhuman tendencies of humans.
4. The layout of the decorated garden should be done keeping in mind its utility and beauty.
5. A place should
be considered as the base point, from where one can stand and see the entire
decorated garden easily.
6. The layout of the garden should have such a feature that the audience gets surprised by seeing it. To do this, there will be a need to collect important plants.
7. For entertainment, ornamental plants should be collected in maximum numbers, so that the garden looks beautiful.
It is clear from the above principles that the layout of a garden can be different for a particular place. Anyway, there are no fixed principles of an ornamental garden, but its design and planning depend on the wishes of the owner, while public gardens are planned by horticulturists. While constructing a garden, it is important to keep the following things in mind-
1. It is necessary to have all the essential elements of a garden, i.e. fence, edging, flowers, greenery, creepers etc.
2. Plants should not be planted densely together in the garden, because doing so will not allow their proper development due to which they will remain weak, which will not look good.
3. Different varieties of flowers should be grown in the garden, so that the garden looks attractive with their colorful flowers.
4. Plants should be selected according to the availability of land, climate and irrigation facilities, so that they can grow well and give flowers.
Now we will
describe the styles of ornamental garden in detail. Styles are divided into the
following three parts-
1. Formal Style
2. Informal Style
3. Free Style.
What is The Best Gardening Method
1. Formal style –
This method is also known as Geometrical or Symmetrical
style. In this, priority is given to the creation of artificial environment.
These gardens are based on different ideas. These gardens are made according to
the situation in which the imagination of the creator's ideas is displayed.
In this method, before planting the garden, a design is prepared and it is kept in mind that all things in the garden should be balanced. If there is a path or road in the middle of the garden, then provision of designs or plants is made on both sides of them in such a way that they are of the same nature. Mughal Garden of Delhi, Taj Garden of Agra, Pinjore Garden of Pinjore are the main examples of this style. Mughal Garden was built by Shahjahan, which has been divided into 16 parts. Each part of it has lawn, ornamental bushes, plants and flowering plants. There are plants of the same type on both sides of the main road and beds have been made for seasonal plants, in which seasonal flower plants are grown every year. The boundary is made of bricks or stones. Planting or making such a garden requires a lot of labour and money, but the garden is very attractive and pleasing to look at. Such gardens have been built in different parts of India, out of which the names of the major gardens are shown in the following list-
Name of the garden Where
Taj Garden Agra
Hibiscus Garden
Chandigarh
Sikandra Garden Agra
Rock Garden
Chandigarh
Ram Bagh
Agra
Flower Garden Chandigarh
Johra Bagh
Agra
Baradari Garden
Patiala
Government Garden Company Bagh Saharanpur
Moti Bagh Patiala
Shankar House Garden
Dehradun
Banaras Bagh Sangrur
Municipal Park Mussoorie
Shalimar Bagh Kashmir
Shalimar Bagh Srinagar
Naseem Bagh
Kashmir
Pinjore Garden Pinjore
Nishat Bagh Kashmir
Zakir Rose Garden Chandigarh
Ramniwas Park Jaipur
Bougainvillea Garden Chandigarh
Kamla Park Bhopal
Talkatora Garden Delhi
Kelly Garden Amritsar
Rose Garden Faridabad
Mughal Garden Delhi
(i) Surrounding walls - These gardens have walls made of baked bricks all around them. The main gate is built in a very beautiful manner. This four walls protect the trees, plants, seasonal flowers etc. grown in the garden from strong winds. Apart from this, it also protects them from damage caused by animals etc.
(ii) Paths - Paths in gardens are very important
because only through these the visitors can reach from one place to another
easily, otherwise they will have to pass through the greenery (lawn), due to
which there is a fear of the grass dying. Therefore, to reach different parts
of the garden, beautiful paths are made with baked red stones, which can be
straight or slanting.
(iii) Running water - In ancient times, such gardens
were mostly built near those hills from where springs emerge. Before building
such waterfalls, it was necessary to take care of the availability of water,
because running water is very necessary in the middle of such gardens. Running
water adds to the beauty of the garden. Running water in Vrindavan Garden
(Mysore) is an example of this.
(iv) Fountains - If fountains are installed in the
running water in the garden, then a beautiful scene is seen with the rays of
light when they run. The fountains installed in Vrindavan Garden (Mysore) present
a very captivating scene at night, to see which viewers go there from all over
the country and abroad. Its beauty is displayed in movies.
(v) Baradari - Mostly a room with 12 big doors is
made in the gardens. The audience sits in it and enjoys during the rainy
season. Baradaris are made in most of the Mughal gardens, which also enhances
the beauty of the gardens.
(vi) Flower beds - It is very important to have beds
in the gardens. Beds are made on the land on both sides of the paths, in which
plants with flowers of the same type are grown. Flowers give a very impressive
color to the garden.
(vii) Tiny lamps - Small lamps are installed along
with the flowing water. In which bulbs of different colors are installed, when
their shadow falls on the water, it presents a very beautiful and enchanting
scene.
(viii) Hedge - In these gardens, fences are erected
to cover a particular place or to enhance its beauty and they are erected in
such a way that they appear to be a part of the garden. The fence makes the
garden look green. The work of separating all the parts of the garden is also
done through the fence.
(ix) Lawn - Greenery is the 'heart' of any garden.
If a garden does not have good greenery, then it would be inappropriate to call
it a garden. Greenery enhances the beauty of the garden and tourists get a
proper place to sit. Also, they experience happiness and peace.
(x) Seats - It is essential to have seats in the
gardens, so that the audience can sit on them. This is the reason why beautiful
stone seats are placed in these gardens for sitting. Wooden benches are also
placed in some gardens. In some gardens, round seats are made of cement, with
round umbrellas on them, so that the visitors can sit under them to avoid rain,
sunshine etc.
(xi) Statues - To enhance the beauty of the gardens,
beautiful statues are installed at various places, which are especially of
leaders, brave people etc. The installation of these statues increases the
beauty of the gardens. These statues are especially attractive for children.
(xii) Arches & Pergolas - In these gardens,
arches and creeper pavilions are constructed at various places, which enhances
the beauty of the garden.
2. Informal Style
Can We do Gardening at Home
If any
natural scene is created on any small or large piece of land, then it is called
an informal garden. "Any piece of
land on which a beautiful scene is preserved is an informal or landscape
garden." In this type of style, ornamental trees and bushes are planted in
such a pleasant way that they look beautiful from all sides.
To give a
natural look to these gardens, hills, rivers, bridges, streams, waterfalls,
ponds, zigzag paths or ups and downs are created. Lotus plants are grown in
lakes and ponds, which increase beauty by producing red flowers.
The main
purpose of these gardens is to provide peace to humans. Therefore, instead of
giving priority to beauty, priority is given to natural beauty. In this type of
gardens, the following points are specially emphasized-
1. Both
evergreen and deciduous plants are grown together.
2. Instead
of giving preference to rose, lily, sunflower, chrysanthemum, zinnia, etc.,
bamboo, pine, silver oak, lotus, iris, etc. are given preference.
3. Free
Style
This method
is also called Picturesque Style or Artistic Style. This type of gardens are
constructed by a mixture of both formal and informal methods. The above
mentioned styles are used according to the place which is considered suitable.
The trend of adopting this style is gradually increasing in cities.
Methods of
garden construction according to the region - According to the region, gardens
are divided into the following two parts-
1. Gardens of Asia
2. Gardens of Western
countries.
1. Gardens of Asia - These gardens are divided into the following three
sub-parts-
(i) Gardens of East Asia.
(ii) Gardens of West Asia.
(iii)Gardens of South Asia.
(i) Gardens of East Asia - Gardening has been a hobby in the regions of East Asia for a long time. Due to this, most people prefer natural gardens. These types of gardens are forms of Japanese gardens. The main attractions of these gardens are lake, waterfall, river, colorful fish, stone path, fence, bushes, seats, tea house, bird sanctuary, rock garden etc.
Japanese
gardens are of the following three types-
(A) Hill Gardens - As the name suggests, these gardens are built in hilly areas. Ponds, waterfalls, lakes etc. are prominent among them. These gardens are spread over a large area. Evergreen plants are preferred over deciduous plants. When flowers bloom, they make the environment fragrant and beautiful. These types of gardens are always suitable for small areas.
(B) Flat Garden - These types of gardens are made artificially in flat areas. Paths in these gardens are made with the help of stones. Stone lanterns, stone vessels filled with water and wells are also made. Small bridges are made on rivers, which are made with the help of stone or wood, whose layout can be of many types. Lanterns are used to illuminate the garden.
(C) Tea Garden - Nowadays tea gardens are more popular in Japan. These types of gardens are being built in big towns and cities of India. These types of gardens are near the tea house. In these types of gardens, there is first a waiting room, which is called "machi ai" in Japanese. Its second part is called 'Sota Roji', in which a vessel of water is kept, from which a person first washes his hands. From here a path goes inside, which is called "Anji Roji" in Japanese. It has a small entrance, after entering which tea is drunk inside. Sitting here, a person experiences happiness and peace.
(ii) Gardens of Western Asia - These gardens are very old, which were built during the rule of Persian and Mughal emperors like the 'Hanging garden' of Babylon. These gardens are also called 'Parsi gardens', which originated from Iran. In these gardens, priority was given to clean water, which was used for irrigation of plants. Rose, marigold, pansy etc. were the plants that were planted in these gardens. Toran gates and creeper pavilions, lily ponds were built in these gardens. Colorful fishes were reared in these ponds. The rule of balance was given priority in the construction of these gardens.
(iii) Gardens of South Asia - The gardens of South Asia can be divided into the following two parts, which are briefly mentioned below—
(A) Aryan Gardens - These gardens were built by the Aryans in the Vedic period. In this type of garden, mostly only one type of plants were grown; for example - 'Ashok Van', in which most of the plants were of Ashoka. 'Lotus' was very popular among the Aryan people. This is the reason why lotus was given preference at that time. Apart from lotus, plants of sunflower, marigold, peepal, silk cotton, basil etc. were also grown.
(B) Mughal Gardens - The construction of these gardens started in the Mughal period. Gardens of this type are also called formal gardens. All those rules are applicable in the construction of these gardens, which are used for formal style. The first Mughal garden was built by Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 AD. After that Alauddin, Firoz Shah, Babar constructed such gardens in 1290 AD, 1332 AD, 1394 AD respectively. These gardens were quite similar to the Parsi gardens.
2. Gardens of Western countries - These gardens are
divided into two parts-
(i) European garden
(ii) American garden.
(A) Italian garden - These gardens were quite large, in which natural scenes were given priority. These gardens were later divided for the entertainment of people of different levels, due to which their size became smaller.
(B) English garden - The beauty of these gardens is unprecedented. They are constructed by artificial method and all those essential things are included in them, which are seen in gardens in a formal style. Mainly these gardens include ponds, fountains, shady trees, creepers, plants with fragrant flowers, lilies, statues of various things made of wood etc. Names of some gardens are given below-
- Victoria Garden
- Richmond Garden
(C) Greek Gardens - These gardens are copies of Persian gardens.
(D) Roman Gardens - These gardens were built by the Romans, they had learnt the art of building them from the Greeks. These gardens included succulents, fences, seasonal small plants, ponds, lakes, fountains etc. Fish were reared in the ponds.
(ii) American Gardens - These gardens have originated recently. The pastors who came to America from England also brought the art of garden building with them. America is a rich country, which has made American gardens more beautiful by spending more.
In India,
gardens are divided into the following two parts according to utility-
1. Private
garden - This type of gardens are built in places within the boundary of
bungalows, houses and offices, which are small in size. They are used privately
or individually. Mostly the boundary line is made of bricks or barbed wire.
Therefore, these gardens cannot be shown to the general public. The outline of
this type of garden is prepared on the basis of artificial method. In this, the
selection of flowering plants depends on the wish of the house owner. This type
of gardens are again divided into the following two parts-
(B) Useful
Part of the Garden - Mostly this part of the garden is kept behind the
bungalow, in which vegetables and plants that give fruits quickly are grown in
a small piece of land. In other words, this part is called the kitchen garden.
Vegetables grown in an area of 200 square meters are sufficient to fulfill
the vegetable requirement of an average family. This makes good use of the
unused land. Fresh vegetables and fruits are available for eating. Expenses are
reduced considerably. The family members develop a passion for growing vegetables
and fruits.
Detailed
information about various types of trees, shrubs, potted plants, rock garden,
hanging basket plants, seasonal flowers, roses etc. for planting in private
garden is given below-
(1)
Flowering & Foliage Tree - Callistemon lanceolatus, Delonix regia,
Millingtonia hortensis, Grevillea robusta, Jacaranda mimosacfolia, Plumeria
acutifolia, Plumeria alba, Petitophorum ferugienum, Saraca mdica.
(2) Flowering & Foliage Shrubs - Acalypha sp., Crotons sp., Buddleia asiatica.Cestrum nocturnum, Cestrum diarnum, Hamelia patens, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Lagerstroemia alba, Graftophyllum sp., Ixora coccinca, Russelia juncea, Murraya exotica, Nerium odorum, Poinsettia pulcherrima, Tecoma stans.
(3) Shady
& Pot plants – Asparagus sp., Bryophyllum sp., Dracanea sp., Ferns,
Sansevieria marginata, Sanserviria cylinderica.
(4) Rockery
Plants – Agave americana, Agave filifera, Anthurium sp., Bilberdin sp., Cactus
sp., Ferns.
(5) Climbers – Antigonon leptopus, Bougainvillea, Begonia lensusta, Tecoma grandiflora, Quisqualis indica.
(6) Roses – Delhi Princes, Hans, Mohini, Pusa Sonia, Sujata, Surayodya, Swati, Sarod, Sukumari, Tangeries Contempo and Yellow Contempo.
(7) Hanging basket plants – Asparagus sp., Mina lobata, Money plant (Pothas), Portulaca.
Ornamental Gardens
(8) Annuals –
"Annual or seasonal flowering plants are those that complete their life cycle in one year or a year." Most of these plants complete their entire life in just 3 to 6 months.
Seasonal flowers have their own distinct characteristics. Flowers blooming in every season are required in the garden. Usually, the beauty and decoration of gardening is maintained by seasonal flowers. Seasonal plants can be grown at low cost and with less labor. Their actual flowering time is only a few weeks. Another characteristic of these is that flowers bloom at the same time in plants of one type of flower, whose collective effect looks very pleasing. Seasonal flowers attract not only humans but also bees, insects, butterflies and bumblebees. Some flowers are also grown in homes for home decoration, the trend of which is gradually increasing. Some seasonal flowers are such that they keep blooming for a long time.
2. Public gardens - These types of gardens are set up in cities and are large in size. These are used by the general public. These are built by Municipal Corporation, Municipality or Development Authority etc. People of cities come to visit them in the evening. Gardens are also used for weddings, festivals, meetings etc. Every part of the garden is connected to roads, so that one can roam around in every place. Clean drinking water is also arranged. Some places are also made for women to sit. The popularity of these types of gardens is increasing day by day. But there is a great shortage of them in comparison to the population. Therefore, attention should be paid towards their development.
In these gardens, apart from ornamental flowers, gymnaseum, swimming
pool, volleyball, tennis, football, badminton court, fountain, children's play
ground, museum, zoo club, library, refreshment room etc. are also provided.
These gardens also have nurseries, where different types of plants are grown.
The layout of these gardens is mostly done by natural method because these gardens are large in size and hence the layout is based on the availability of land and climate. An example of this type of garden is Vrindavan Garden of Mysore.
Most Important Gardens Of USA
1. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
The Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis is a major garden in the United States that hosts a variety of annual events, including summer concerts and train shows. The garden is a unique one, spanning 79 acres, including a 14-acre Japanese garden, a rare 1850s estate of garden founder Henry Shaw, and the world's largest endangered orchid collection.
3. Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, Columbus
This large greenhouse is a year-round attraction at the Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens in Columbus, Ohio. The conservatory features more than 400 species of plants in environments including desert and rainforest habitats. Seasonal displays of flowers, from colorful bulbs to conifers and varieties of grasses, are spread throughout the outdoor gardens. It also has a unique glassblowing pavilion for demos to school and college kids.
4. Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix
You can enjoy the cheerful and colorless desert landscape when you visit the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix. With a specific mission to focus on desert plants, the garden is spread across 145 acres and houses more than 50,000 plants, including a special collection of cacti. The garden is great to visit year-round, but it is especially attractive in the spring for the annual butterfly exhibition and wildflower blooms.
10. Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe
Spread over nearly 400 acres, the garden is located in Chicago and is one of the largest botanical gardens in the US. It is spread across 26 gardens and 4 natural areas. It attracts nearly one million visitors annually and its collection of 185 bonsai is one of the best public displays of miniature masterpieces, including works by bonsai master Susumu Nakamura. Considered a living museum, the garden also conducts groundbreaking research on plant conservation.
11. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables
The garden is spread over 83 acres. The garden also houses a butterfly conservatory, which includes about 3,000 exotic butterflies. Visitors can watch them hatch from eggs and release them into the conservatory. The climate of southern Florida makes this Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden near Miami conducive to year-round cultivation. Among its gems are rare exotic fruit species, including mangosteen, cocoa and vanilla orchids.
12. Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden
This garden is located in Dallas, known as a city of large-scale work, and includes the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden. Its spring flower festival is the largest in the Southwest, with more than 500,000 flowers in bloom, and in the fall, the garden becomes Pumpkin Village, with more than 50,000 pumpkins, gourds, and squash. The 8-acre children's area also includes more than 150 interactive games and a 20-foot-high waterfall. **
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