Brief History of Ornamental Horticulture
Ornamental Horticulture is the gift of Horticulture. Ornamental Horticulture is that artistic and spiritual branch of horticulture in which all types of decorative and ornamental plants are studied. In this, the scientific method of growing seasonal and perennial flowers in buildings, pots, baskets, rock gardens (Rockerics) and glass houses outside in the garden for decoration and beauty is studied. Ornamental horticulture is not only an art but is also an important branch from the business point of view. Flowering plants can be grown on a commercial level and sold to earn money. Apart from this, foreign currency can be earned by exporting flowers to foreign countries. Income can be increased by making volatile and aromatic oils, perfumes, rose water, gulkand etc. from flowers and selling them.
Horticulture Gardening
Ornamental
gardening has had a very close relationship with human life since ancient
times. There is no doubt that flowers have a special role in almost all the
activities and rituals from birth to death. Our ancestors had a high aesthetic
consciousness. They loved nature a lot, which is mentioned in our scriptures. The
prominent ones among them are Shiva Purana, Atharva Veda, Valmiki Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Geeta etc. In ancient times, flowers were called 'Sumanas' which
was a symbol of their beauty. The example of the very ancient civilization of
the Indus Valley reminds us of the ancient glory and knowledge of this country.
Well-cultured wise people used to travel to different countries and abroad with
the good messages of welfare and Indian culture. The origin and history of the
modern developed garden art of countries like Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaya
etc. is related to the garden art spread by Indian Buddhist monks.
Ornamental trees carved on the Buddhist monuments of Sanchi and Bharhut can still be seen today, among which Ashoka tree, Bur flower tree, Sacred fig, Champak etc. are prominent.
Great poet Kalidasa
has given a very beautiful description of various subjects of garden in his
Sanskrit drama "Abhijnana Shakuntalam", Malavikagnimitra and poem
'Meghadoot'. Decorated gardens were constructed by young women, they used to
select various beauty centers, trees, creepers and take care of them
themselves. Often, charming animals and birds were also reared in these
gardens. Beautiful flowers and fruit plants were also grown in rows on both
sides of the path of beauty gardens.
In India, the
Mughals, Central Asia and Iran's garden art was formulated. Mughal emperors
built many gardens in Delhi, Kashmir, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, which are still
unique and special examples of garden art. They generally built gardens near
palaces, forts or within high walls. The basic project of Mughal gardens was
like Persian gardens, but both Persian and Indian plants were included in the
selection of plants. Mughal emperors built gardens in both plains and
mountainous places. They selected mountainous places on the basis of their
natural beauty and attraction. Almost all Mughal gardens are located at very
beautiful places in which some natural water stream is also present, for
example, you can go to the gardens of Bal Bagh (Beri Nag), Wahwah and Pinjore.
Marcopolo has mentioned the beauty of Mughal gardens in a very beautiful
manner.
Landscaping
Many beautiful flowering, medicinal and shady trees have
been worshipped in India since the Vedic period. Many trees have been
considered symbols of gods and goddesses, which are as follows-
Burflower for Shri Krishna, Butea Superba for Shiva and Buddha, Ashok tree for Sita and Kamadeva, Bauhinia variegata tree for Lakshmi, Holy basil and Blue Lotus for Vishnu, Hibiscus for Durga, Golden Shower tree for auspicious benefits, Sacred fig for Saturn, Banyan tree for Brahma, Margosa tree for Sheetala, Moonflower for Shankar, etc.
After the Mughal
rulers in India, the British rulers made many efforts to increase the
popularity of garden art. They started planting velvety grass (lawn) and
growing ornamental flowering plants in long strips, whose unique appearance
played an important role in creating a charming atmosphere. Before the British
rulers, some flower garden lovers used to grow marigold, sunflower, jasmine
etc. in their gardens. But the British started growing many seasonal flower
plants like phlox, vermina, poppy, andrrhinum etc. Awareness about these new
flowering plants increased among Indians.
Importance- Plants
are such silent servants of human society that they do not want anything from
us in return of their service. Plants play such an important role in human life
that we cannot even imagine our life without them. Every need of life is fulfilled
by plants.
It is well known
that in today's busy and frustrated life, ornamental gardens have a special and
important place. That is why it is said that flowers are an integral part of
our normal life. Flowers have evolved along with our culture. These ornamental
gardens play an important role in creating a clean environment, that is why
plans are being made and implemented to set up ornamental gardens in towns,
cities and rural areas. Flowers have an important contribution in monetary
inflation, because foreign currency is also earned from the export of flowers.
It is said that "Indian citizens are born among
flowers and die with flowers." Mohammed Saheb has said that "If we
have a roti, we should sell half of it and buy flowers, because just as roti is
essential for the growth of the body, in the same way flowers are essential for
mental peace, fatigue and to remove worries."
Ornamental trees, shrubs, creepers etc. are grown to
fulfill various purposes, which are mentioned below-
(1) For Beautification - It is a bitter truth that in the
modern era, due to various reasons, the natural balance of towns, cities and
villages is getting disturbed, due to which the pollution of water, air etc. is
taking a terrible form. Due to industrialization of cities and increase in the
number of vehicles there, the problem of air pollution is increasing, which is
directly affecting the people there. If the general public is provided with an
atmosphere of pure air, then not only will their health remain good, but their
efficiency will also increase. Decorated gardens play an important role in
increasing the beauty of the environment.
Although special emphasis is being laid on the
establishment of gardens in India, but their number is still much less than the
requirement. Here, Lal Bagh (Bangalore), Mughal Garden (New Delhi), Vrindavan
Garden (Mysore), National Botanical Garden (Lucknow), National Park (Ooty),
Zakir Rose Garden (Chandigarh) etc. are prominent, which are playing an
important role in making the environment beautiful.
Landscaping And Gardening
Flowering and other ornamental plants can be grown in
individual bungalows, buildings, houses, offices as well as community centres,
panchayat houses, post-telegraph offices, schools, colleges, universities,
railway stations, picnic spots etc. to beautify them. Apart from this, seasonal
flowering plants are also grown in pots. Some people can also grow ornamental
domestic plants, prominent among them are money plant, croton, philodendron,
ficus elastica, monstera deliciosa, fern etc. The beauty of the place can be
enhanced by growing these plants in the verandah or houses. Other flowering
plants can also be grown in front of, behind and around the bungalow, prominent
among which are rose, jasmine, kelp, chrysanthemum, marigold, phlox etc. which
play an important role in providing beauty to the environment of the bungalow.
Ornamental
gardening has taken a new form in the premises of schools, colleges,
universities and hospitals. In the educational institutions where the branch of
horticulture is studied, it is also essential that various types of ornamental
trees, shrubs, creepers etc. are grown there, so that the students can study
the various purposes of growing them. Hundreds of patients come to hospitals
for treatment, there it becomes necessary to increase the beauty of the
environment by growing ornamental trees, shrubs, creepers and seasonal flowers
there, so that the patients can experience mental peace and happiness. Gardens
are made in large areas in towns and cities, which are generally called
'parks'. Children, youth and the elderly all benefit from the beauty of these
parks. Children also get the opportunity to study various types of ornamental
trees, shrubs, creepers and seasonal flowering plants, and they also experience
natural beauty, which is a form of training. In these parks, apart from
flowering plants, priority is also given to greenery (lawns), fountains,
sitting areas, lamps etc. which also enhance the beauty of the park so that
visitors can get happiness and peace.
The beauty of small and big ponds near villages can be
enhanced by growing begonia, hibiscus, gulmohar, kachnar, bougainvillea etc.
around them. This is the reason that in some states, such schemes have been
made to enhance the beauty of villages, in which priority is being given to
growing ornamental plants there.
The trend of growing ornamental plants to beautify the
environment of railway stations, bus stands etc. is gradually increasing. In
big cities, even 'bonsai plants' have started being grown.
(2) For Recreation - In the modern age, man is engaged in
various activities throughout the day to fulfill his basic needs. When he
returns home after finishing his work, he is surrounded by fatigue and other
mental troubles. In such a strange situation, he definitely wants some means of
entertainment. In India, means of entertainment are becoming very expensive.
Your home flower garden can be a means of entertainment at home. This is a
cheap and good solution. Wherever land is available in front of or behind the
house, ornamental plants should be grown there. If land is not available, then
in that case flowering plants can be grown in pots. Apart from this, plants can
also be grown on the roof of the house. Taking care of those plants will
definitely give happiness and peace. If this is not possible, then one should
go to the nearby garden or public park. Mental happiness can be obtained by
looking at the charming beauty of colorful flowers there.
It is necessary for housewives and students to either
grow ornamental plants themselves or go for a walk in the nearby gardens or
parks to get relief from their fatigue and troubles.
(3) Spiritual and religious importance - Most of the
flowering plants grown in India have spiritual and religious importance too,
which can be confirmed by the following examples:
Ornamental plants
also have spiritual and religious importance, for example, Kadamba and Peepal
trees release more oxygen. Fresh, beautiful and fragrant flowers are used in
worship etc. Many churches, temples, gurudwaras, holy places, shrines, crematoriums
can be beautified by planting trees, grass, flowering trees, shrubs and
seasonal flowers. By going there, a person gets peace, good omen and comfort.
The mind becomes happy by seeing the surrounding environment pure, clean and
clear.
In the Gita, the Kadamba tree is related to 'Shri
Krishna'. The Ashoka tree is related to 'Kamadeva'. The red flowers of Palash
are related to 'Lord Buddha'. The white flowers of Kachnar are related to
'Lakshmi Ji', the goddess of wealth and good fortune. Blue lotus is related to
'Lord Vishnu'. The golden flowers of Amaltas are said to be a symbol of
prosperity in business, this is the reason why it is the favorite tree of
businessmen.
Fresh flowers are
used in temples, mosques, churches, gurudwaras and home worship etc. Offering
flowers to the gods and goddesses in temples by Hindus is a very ancient
tradition, which is still going on till date. Most of the flower cultivation in
cities is used for worship only. Most of the flowers grown in South India are
used for worship only. In Kolkata, about 30 percent of the flowers are used for
worship. Rose, Chandni, Chrysanthemum, Ixora, Gardenia, Hibiscus, Oleander,
Tuberose and seasonal flowers are usually used for worship.
(4) Economic
Importance - In the modern era, flowers are also a source of income. In cities
like Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore, more than 50 percent of the flowers are
used for making gajra, braids and garlands etc.
(i) Garlands--
Garlands are generally used on various religious occasions, receptions,
worship, birthdays, weddings, etc. Especially, moonflower, rose, chrysanthemum,
dahlia, aster, cosmos, plumeria, marigold etc. are used for making garlands.
(ii) Bouquet-
Mainly 'bouquet' is used to welcome guests on the auspicious occasion of
marriage and in other social customs. Rose, chrysanthemum (small flower),
dahlia, aster, amaryllis, phlox, salvia etc. flowers are specially used for
bouquet making.
(iii) Gajra and
flower decorations- In India, fresh flowers are used mainly to decorate the
bride and groom on the occasion of marriage, to decorate the braids of women,
to make gajra and lace. Especially flowers like rose, jasmine, ixora, murayya
etc. are used for this purpose.
(iv) Decorating the
wedding mandap - On the auspicious occasion of marriage, people of all
religions use fresh flowers to decorate the wedding mandap. Especially flowers
like rose, jasmine, jasmine, plumeria, chrysanthemum, marigold etc. are used
for this purpose.
(v) Button hole -
Generally button hole is used on occasions like welcoming guests, birthday,
wedding etc. Chrysanthemum, French Marie Gold, Rose, Helicorice etc. are
specially used for this.
(vi) Cut flowers -
Cut flowers are used for decorating bouquets in reception rooms and dining
rooms. Roses, night jasmine, zinnia, salvia, dahlia, cosmos, chrysanthemum,
begonia, aster, amaryllis, candytuft, carnation, gladiolus etc. are specially
used for this purpose.
(vii) Aromatic oil
- There are about 1100 such plants in India from which oil is extracted which
is used in perfumery and medicines. Oil is extracted from rose, sandalwood,
eucalyptus, lemongrass, jasmine, tuberose, rosemary, Kanak Champa etc. Rose oil
is sold at the rate of Rs 1 lakh per kg. Aromatic oil worth about Rs 2-3 crore
is sent to foreign countries, which earns foreign currency. There are large
factories for making oil from rose in Kannauj, Jaunpur, Aligarh, Jaipur.
(viii) Perfume -
Apart from aromatic oils, perfumes of rose, champa and keora are also made in
large quantities and their sale fetches a good income.
Apart from oil and
perfume, rose water, kewda water and rose gulkhand are also made on a large
scale. 50,000 gallons of rose water is prepared in India. Which is exported to
foreign countries. The above things generate an income of about Rs 20 crore per
year and provide employment to about 2 lakh people.
( 5 ) Medicinal
Importance - About 200 plants of medicinal importance are found in India. Seeing
the importance of medicinal plants, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
started the All India Improvement Project on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in
1972. Under this scheme, the Council is conducting research on 8 main medicinal
crops in different parts of the country, opium, isabgol, sarpagandha (Rauvolfia
serpentina), senna, pyrethrum, mulethi, fox globe and evergreen.
In 1981, a conference of Indian scientists was
held in Kolkata, in which it was proved that medicines called Binblastine and
Bincristine can be obtained from the evergreen (Perivincil) plant for the
treatment of cancer.
Although plants
like opium, isabgol, senna, cinchona, ipecac and evergreen were also brought to
India and grown there and now they have settled here. Mulhathi (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) is spreading rapidly especially in the states of Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Maharashtra. Flowers hardly come in it when grown from seeds.
Therefore, cuttings are being provided for it.
(6) For Controlling Soil Erosion—- Soil erosion can also be prevented by planting Har Singar (Nyctanthus arbotrites) in the devoid of vegetation in the desert areas of Rajasthan.
Horticulture-Landscaping
Its roots go deep
and bind the soil particles well, due to which soil erosion is prevented. Har
Singar plant is also suitable for planting in personal and public places. Apart
from preventing soil erosion, garlands are made from its fragrant flowers and aromatic
oil is also extracted from the flowers, which can increase income. By adding it
to cooked rice, the rice becomes fragrant. Khas is also used to prevent soil
erosion, from which aromatic oil is also extracted.
(7) For Flower
Exhibition - Organizing flower exhibitions in cities and towns has become a
fashion. Sometimes there is a rose exhibition, sometimes of chrysanthemums.
Apart from this, flower exhibitions of dahlia, jasmine, cactus, bonsai etc. are
organized by the government, Horticultural Society, Rose Society of India, in
which good entries are given cash and certificates as prizes. Flower
exhibitions are organized in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Poona,
Lucknow etc. The main objective of these exhibitions is to awaken the spirit of
growing ornamental plants in the general public and they can produce beautiful
flowers of high quality by taking proper care of their flowering plants. The
trend of growing flowers for exhibitions is gradually increasing.
(8) For the purity of the environment --
Due to the
increasing population, villages, towns and cities are taking the shape of
metropolises. In such a situation, the problem of air pollution is becoming
severe due to industrialization and increasing vehicles, which is having an
adverse effect on human life. The environment can be made pollution-free and
peaceful through ornamental trees and plants, which will also make human life
simple and peaceful. The use of ornamental plants is also gradually increasing
to beautify the environment of railway stations and bus stands etc.
Present Position of Ornamental Horticulture
Compared to developed countries, the current situation of
ornamental gardening in India is very pathetic, the main reason for which is
that the Indian farmer has not yet understood that the flower business can also
become the main source of his livelihood, i.e. it can become a means of his
livelihood, although ornamental gardening is now being appreciated by
horticulturists, which is a very important thing. The main reason for the
development of flower cultivation is considered to be lack of money and this is
true to a large extent. The financial condition of most farmers is not good,
due to which they cannot produce flowers.
In Indian agricultural universities, agricultural
graduates are now being taught floriculture. Apart from this, postgraduates are
also being taught this subject. Now special emphasis is being given on the
cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants and now universities are also
providing education on this subject from undergraduate/postgraduate level.
In the modern era, priority is being given to planting
avenues along the roads in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chandigarh,
Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra, Bangalore, Chennai etc., which gives the impression that
people's awareness towards ornamental trees is increasing. On the other hand,
trees also play an important role in preventing pollution.
Many gardens have been established in the country, among
which Vrindavan Garden (Mysore), Lal Bagh (Bangalore), Taj Garden (Agra), Mughal
Garden (Delhi), Shahjahan Garden (Agra), Ramniwas Park (Jaipur), National
Botanical Garden (Lucknow), Paliwal Park (Agra), Roshan Ara Garden (Delhi),
Buddha Jayanti Park (Delhi) etc. are prominent.
Institutions are
playing an important role in the development of gardens in India, among which
the names of Indian Garden Committee, South India Garden Association, Rajasthan
Garden Committee, The Indian Rose Federation, The Rose Society of India etc.
are especially noteworthy, whose main objective is to attract the attention of
mankind towards ornamental gardens and to increase flower production. Recently,
the National Garden Board has been established by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India. Its headquarters is in Gurgaon (Haryana). This board is implementing
various projects for the development of gardens. Apart from this, the Ministry
of Agriculture, Government of India has established the National Horticulture
Mission, which is providing technical and financial assistance for many schemes
to promote horticulture.
Future of Ornamental Gardening:-
The future of ornamental gardening in the world is very bright. The climate in the world is favorable for flower cultivation throughout the year. There are different types of land and climate available in the world in which all types of beautiful plants and flowers can be grown. In America, Camellia, Oak-leaf hydrangea, Paogo, Apple blossom, Poppy, in Japan, Wisteria, Azalea, Cherry blossom, in Canada, La Bella Fleur, Hydrangea, Tulip, Lily, Orchids, in Russia, Common Yarrow, Ground elder, Common dandelion, Common tansy, in China, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Gladiolus, Calla, in Australia, Golden wattle, Red Rose, Anemone, Dahlia, in India, Pansy, Lotus, Rose, Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Plumeria, Oleander, Lntana etc. are flowers being cultivated on a large scale. The government is also providing facilities for the proper marketing of flowers.
On the basis of the increasing economic level and purchasing power of man, it can be said that the future of ornamental gardening in the world is very bright, which is mentioned as follows: -
(1) Increase in demand for live plants, cut flowers:-
Nowadays as the standard of living of people is rising, the demand for flower garlands, bouquets, cut flowers etc. is also increasing which is also increasing the artistic knowledge of man. Nowadays, the trend of expressing happiness, sharing grief and presenting various products made of flowers in ceremonies is increasing. Flowers are produced in some area or the other throughout the year, so they are easily available.
(2) Seed production: -
There is a lot of demand for good quality flower seeds because more yield can be obtained from hybrid seeds. Hybrid seeds of marigold, petunia, pansy, carnation, antirrhinum are popular which are available at a higher price. Apart from this, knots, tubers, corms are also being produced. These can be sold in Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany and Arab countries and foreign currency can be earned.
(3) Fragrance and perfume: -
By growing fragrant flowers like rose, jasmine, jasmine, tuberose and extracting their sap easily, the demand of cosmetics and soap industry can be fulfilled.
(4) Development of Bonsai: -
Bonsai which are small or dwarf plants, their importance has increased in homes, hotels and restaurants. They are rarely available in the market and if available, they are very expensive. Hence, their future is very good. The plants from which Bonsai can be prepared are - Bougainvillea, rubber tree, pomegranate, banyan, peepal, orange etc. Apart from this, there is a lot of demand for dried flowers which are being used in artworks, in pendants and in flower vases.
Attention is being paid to the development of ornamental gardening in villages too. The Horticulture Department and the Forest Department are planting ornamental plants around wasteland, pastures and ponds so that along with purifying the environment, income can be earned from the production of flowers.
Scope of Ornamental Horticulture
The future of flower production in India is very bright. Flower cultivation can be done throughout the year because our climate is suitable for flower production, secondly, different types of flowers can be easily grown in our land. While the land of western countries remains covered in a blanket of snow, it becomes impossible to grow flowers there, at that time different types of flowers can be easily grown here. Foreign currency can be earned by sending them abroad.
In India, flower cultivation is being done on commercial level in many states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra etc. According to a general estimate, in 1992-93, the total area of floriculture in the country was 50,000 hectares. Now flowers are being cultivated in 55,000 hectares of area in our country, only traditional flowers are grown on about 30,000 hectares of area, which include fragrant native rose, jasmine, champa, mogra, tuberose, small flower chrysanthemum, crossandra etc. Other current commercial flowers are cultivated on about 15,000 hectares of land, which mainly include rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, orchid, lily, gladiolus, gerbera. Flowers and seeds are exported from India every year, which was Rs 9661.0 lakh in 1998-99, it increased to Rs 13212.3 lakh in 2000-01. 'Flower markets' are worth seeing in some important cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai etc. 10,500 tons of cut flowers are sold in these big cities, which cost Rs 9.26 crore. On the basis of a survey conducted by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in 1967, it has become quite clear that with the development of civilization, the demand for flowers is increasing day by day. In Uttar Pradesh, adequate attention is being paid to flower cultivation in districts like Aligarh, Kannauj, Jaunpur etc. Factories have been set up in these districts to extract aromatic oil.
The future of flower cultivation is very bright in almost
all the regions of India, which is mentioned below--
There are different types of land and climate available
in our country, in which almost all types of ornamental trees, shrubs, creepers
and seasonal flowers can be grown very easily. Ornamental plants can be grown
from dry places to water. They can be grown from plain areas to mountainous
areas. Different types of colorful flowers can be grown.
Generally, in western countries, there is a shortage of
flowers in winters due to snow. If they grow flowers in heated glass houses,
then their expenses are high. In India, more flowers can be easily grown at
less cost at that time. According to a survey, the price of roses in Germany in
autumn is Rs. 150 per hundred. According to an estimate, one rose plant can
produce three exportable flowers per year. 1,66,666 plants can be planted per
hectare at a distance of 30 cm x 20 cm. In this way, 4,99,998 exportable
flowers are obtained per hectare every year. In this way, much more profit can
be derived from roses as compared to other crops.
Another advantage of India is that the same flower can be
grown in different seasons, for example in Bangalore aster and carnation can be
grown in early winter, while in the plains of northern India they can be grown
in late winter (December to March). The matter is not limited to this, they can
be grown in summer in the hilly areas. This makes it very clear that there are
immense possibilities for the development of ornamental garden in India.
The tubers of many flowers such as amaryllis, croton,
canna, lily, tuberose, eucharis, gerbera etc. can be sent abroad at low cost
through ships. Apart from Europe, these tubers can also be sent to America and
Canada and a lot of foreign currency can be earned from them. Apart from seeds
and tubers, there is a huge demand for flowering plants abroad; a lot of profit
can be made by sending them too.
Indoor plants like Philodendron, Sansiberia, Dracaena,
Foicos, Maranta etc. are in great demand in Europe. Apart from these, seeds and
plants of some plants which grow exclusively in India can be sent abroad; such
as Orchid, Cassia, Begonia, Rhododendron, Kachnar, Croton, Jasmine etc.
Perfume is extracted from flowers like rose, jasmine,
tuberose etc. There are more possibilities of promoting their cultivation, so
that their production increases and people's income increases.
There is a lot of
scope for the development of ornamental gardening in the villages of India.
Nowadays, a lot of efforts are being made by the Forest Department or the
Horticulture Department to plant trees. Ornamental trees are being planted
around the ponds of the villages. The main purpose of doing this is to save the
villages from the polluted environment and besides, to increase their income by
producing flowers in the land. If ornamental trees are planted in the pastures,
cattle-sheds, houses, temples, churches, Gurudwaras, schools etc. of the
villages, then the environment there will definitely become beautiful. Trees
like Kachnar, Mulberry, Gulmohar, Bakain etc. can be planted in the villages.
Due to the establishment of new factories, new cities are
being built. While preparing the project of new cities, planners and
administrators should not forget the ornamental gardens. Flowering trees should
be planted in a systematic manner on both sides of roads and highways, so that
flowers bloom in every season and make the environment charming.
In India, trees are either not planted along the railway
tracks or if they are planted, they are not selected properly. Ornamental trees
should be grown along the railway tracks which keep giving flowers in every
season. Along with this, proper care of the plants is also necessary.
According to environmentalists, the areas which need
nature conservation can be divided into the following three categories-
1. National parks and protected forest areas
2. Geological monuments and other important areas
3. Protected places of local importance.
Under the first category, national parks are such vast
areas developed in forest-dominated areas, where unique beauty is visible in
the landscape. Under the second category, all those places, hills or mounds
come, which are important from the geological point of view and whose
conservation is essential. These should also be protected like ancient
buildings, so that they remain safe and keep attracting visitors for a long
time. The third category includes all those small places, where the main and
special trees and plants of a particular place are found.
Ornamental Gardening
Flower production,
which was once related to entertainment and luxury, is today having various
possibilities of industrial development. The problem of air pollution is
arising due to the rapid increase in the number of factories. It has now become
absolutely clear that the polluted environment can be cleaned with vegetation.
'Environment Day' is celebrated every year on 5 June in India. To deal with the
problems of pollution, the Government of India has established the Department
of Environment on 1 November 1980, whose main objective is to prepare projects
of environmental programs, promote them and establish coordination under the
administrative structure of the government. The Botanical Survey of India and
the Zoological Survey of India are the main agencies of this department to
explore living natural resources. The National Museum of Natural History helps
in public education and raising public awareness on environmental issues.
Suggestions
The following
suggestions can be given to promote ornamental gardening-
1. To generate
interest in ornamental gardening, it is necessary to form garden committees in
villages, towns and cities. These committees should make proper arrangements to
train their members in flower production. Apart from this, arrangements should
also be made to provide seeds of seasonal flowers, plants of rose,
chrysanthemum, carnation, gladiolus, keli, dahlia etc.
2. Flower
exhibitions should be organized at various levels. Winners should also be given
certificates and prizes, so that the spirit of competition is awakened among
the general public and their attention is also attracted towards flower
production.
3. To arouse
interest in ornamental gardening among the general public, speeches of
horticulturists should be organized at community centers, panchayat ghar,
schools or other places, so that after listening to the speeches, they can grow
flower plants in their fields, houses, flower beds, pots etc. 4. Information
about new researches done in the field of ornamental gardening, newly developed
varieties, agricultural activities etc. should be given through All India
Radio, Doordarshan, satellite television, documentaries, newspapers, magazines etc.,
so that interested people can take advantage of them.
5. Literature
related to ornamental gardening should be distributed free of cost by
agricultural universities in regional languages besides Hindi.
6. Electricity,
water, fertilizer and loan facilities should be provided to promote flower
cultivation.
7. There should be
concession in freight charges of flowers, seeds, tubers, plants, perfume, oil
etc. that are exported.
8. More research
work should be done on ornamental trees, bushes, creepers that make the
environment beautiful.
9. The flower seeds
that are exported to foreign countries should be tested by the Horticulture
Department first, so that low quality seeds are not exported to foreign
countries. 10. The government should provide technical and financial support in
the organization and development of the flower industry, so that the production
of flowers can increase.
11. Education
related to flower gardening should be promoted further.
If the government
and flower producers pay full attention to the above suggestions and try to
cultivate flowers in a scientific way, then certainly the production of flowers
in our country will increase, which will increase the income of flower
producers. Along with this, foreign currency can also be earned by exporting
flowers to foreign countries. Due to which the economic condition of the
country will also improve. **
.jfif)
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